Informed Consent Essay Ethical Principles of Gaining...

Informed Consent Essay: Ethical principles of gaining informed consent â€Å"Respect for human beings involves giving due scope to peoples capacity to make their own decisions. In the research context, this normally requires that participation be the result of a choice made by the participants† (NHMR, 2007, p.3). Freegard 2012 (p.60), states that â€Å"respecting the rights of others,† includes a responsibility for Health professionals â€Å"to let others know about their rights† and that this forms the basis of an informed consent. Discuss the values and principles of ethical conduct in relation to gaining an informed consent from potential research participants in relation to your project. In your discussion †¢ Briefly highlight the†¦show more content†¦Insofar as informed consent has been expounded, two main principles of bioethics have emerged as paramount; autonomy and non-maleficence. Although seemingly clear, the boundary of both respecting a person’s autonomy and doing no harm becomes blurred when the patients have disabilities that remove their ability to reason and justify soundly (e.g. total brain injuries or severe stroke patients). Although the participants in the proposed study will be fully-abled as per the exclusion criteria, understanding why cognitively impaired participants cannot give ‘informed’ consent further elaborates on higher-order-thinking required in the informed consent process. Without such a process, patients whom elect to become participants may not understand that this research is a separate entity to their regular treatment regime, and essentially will have become coerced into consenting due to a lack of clarification (Kerridge, Lowe, Stewart, 2009; Rigg, 2012a; Rigg, 2012b). Usually health care practice is guided by codes from the profession’s governing board (such as the Australian Physiotherapy Association), in order to respect patient rights. However, research ethics are different in construct compared with general health care practitioner ethics, as the primaryShow MoreRelatedThe Legal And Ethical Issues1532 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction This essay will address the Legal and Ethical issues in relation to the case study. It will outline the four elements of valid consent and applicable issues needed to prove and defend the claim for all parties involved. The Universal declaration of bioethics and human rights identifies three relevant principles to this case study. Beneficence and non-maleficent, the notion of proper free and informed consent, autonomy and the measure in place to protect individuals not capable ofRead MoreThe Legal Implications Of Patient Care For Nursing Professionals1744 Words   |  7 PagesGaining a patient consent prior to the medical procedure has claimed simple yet imperative process of patient care for nursing professionals as some of the legal implications can occur that may lead to a negligence on clinical care, risk the nursing registration or even criminal assault that is resulting a litigation, if it does not proceed accordingly. The patient’s consent can be obtained in variou s ways, such as implied, verbal or written forms are available and most importantly, different typesRead MoreEthics Essay1837 Words   |  8 Pages2) Freegard (2006) states: â€Å"Autonomy as an ethical principle encompasses the fundamental protection and respect of persons, and freedom from interference ... A competent client should have the right to decide what is to be done with his or her body† (p. 112). Autonomy has been practiced in nursing since Bioethics and the four principles became a prominent approach. Bioethics considers the social and moral implications of new developments in medicine and medical technology (Jecker, Jonsen, PearlmanRead MoreEthical Issues in the Study of Domestic Violence Essay examples1232 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will critically analyse the ethical issues portrayed in the study of researching domestic violence. Ethical issues are inevitable in any research, especially that of the sensitive population. This essay will look at the ethical dilemmas of researching a sensitive population in relation to gaining access to the data. This essay will also look at the safeguards that were put in place to potential ethical problems and analyse their suitability in regards to this research. This essay willRead MoreObtaining Consent For Medical Procedures1812 Words   |  8 PagesObtaining consent is a complicated matter in health care setting that would requ ire active communication between medical practitioners, nurses and patients. The patient’s consent can be obtained in various ways, such as implied, verbal or written forms are available and most importantly, different types of consent will require on the nature of treatment. Informed consent is an ongoing, practical process in relation to the patients’ health care in the clinical setting which would involve providingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Medical Ethics1148 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Essay 1. Within a biomedical context there are four principles that should be used in the consideration of medical ethics (REFERENCE). Respect for autonomy as the name suggests refers to the respectful manner in which healthcare professionals carry themselves ensuring that they allow persons to make reasoned informed choices (REFERENCE). On a superficial level, David should have the right to make his own decision on whether or not he wishes to go ahead with the intramuscular injectionRead MoreQuestions On The Nmc Code2775 Words   |  12 Pagescaring environment within practice. More specifically, the NMC Code has a large section dedicated to consent, people’s rights, and decisions made in the patient’s best interest, thus the focus of this essay is how the NMC code is applied in practice in relation to consent. This essay will discuss the types of consent, the process of giving consent and the legal and ethical frameworks surrounding consent. The criterion used in assessing competence is set by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 which came intoRead MoreProfessional Issues Of Aged Care Nursing3088 Words   |  13 PagesAssessment Item: 2 Assessment Name: Learning Contract Assignment Tutor: Irene Stein Due Date: 5/06/15 Informed Consent or Informed decision-making in Nursing Parctice The Mosby’s Medical Dictionary defines consent as an approval given by an individual with sufficient mental capacity at a legally competent age. All healthcare practitioners are bound to get consent from an appropriate decision-maker before providing healthcare (examination, investigation, procedure, intervention orRead MoreDiscuss the Relationships Between Social Theory and Empirical Research in Relation to One Published Study (Article 1)1886 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss the relationships between social theory and empirical research in relation to one published study (ARTICLE 1) This essay will be examining the relationship between social theory and empirical research, in doing so we will be using the article written by D’Ovidio, R., Mitman, T. Et al. (2009). To do so we must firstly explain what is meant by sociological theory. Sociological theory is something that is tested and proven;it attempts to make sense of scientific data or empirical observationsRead MoreNursing Dilemmas And Mental Capacity Essay2240 Words   |  9 PagesHS 555 Nursing dilemmas and Mental Capacity Introduction(300) The aim of this essay is to presents a critical analysis over the nursing dilemmas around capacity and her limitation by presenting example from the author’s practical experience. The names of the patients will be replaced with pseudonyms for confidentiality purposes according to the Nursing and Midwifery Council NMC(2015) Code of Conduct. Consent is often misunderstood. Mental Capacity is a complex topic and often health professionals

What Is Physical Geography

The vast discipline of geography is divided into two major branches: 1) physical geography and 2) cultural or human geography. Physical geography encompasses the geographic tradition known as the Earth sciences tradition. Physical geographers look at the landscapes, surface processes, and climate of the earth—all of the activity found in the four spheres (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere) of our planet. Key Takeaways: Physical Geography Physical geography is the study of our planet and its systems (ecosystems, climate, atmosphere, hydrology).Understanding the climate and how its changing (and the potential results of those changes) affect people now and can help plan for the future.Because the study of Earth is vast, numerous sub-branches of physical geography specialize in different areas, from the upper limits of the sky to the bottom of the ocean. In contrast, cultural or human geography spends time studying why people locate where they do (including demographics) and how they adapt to and change the landscape in which they live. Someone studying cultural geography might also research how languages, religion, and other aspects of culture develop where people live; how those aspects are transmitted to others as people move; or how cultures change because of where they move. Physical Geography: Definition Physical geography consists of many diverse elements. These include: the study of the earths interaction with the sun, seasons, the composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and wind, storms and climatic disturbances, climate zones, microclimates, the hydrologic cycle, soils, rivers and streams, flora and fauna, weathering, erosion, natural hazards, deserts, glaciers and ice sheets, coastal terrain, ecosystems, geologic systems, and so much more. The Four Spheres Its a little deceiving (even overly simplistic) to say that physical geography studies the Earth as our home and looks at the four spheres because each possible area of research encompasses so much. The atmosphere itself has several layers to study, but the atmosphere as a topic under the lens of physical geography also includes research areas such as the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect, wind, jet streams, and weather. The hydrosphere encompasses everything having to do with water, from the water cycle to acid rain, groundwater, runoff, currents, tides, and oceans. The biosphere concerns living things on the planet and why they live where they do, with topics from ecosystems and biomes to food webs and the carbon and nitrogen cycles. The study of the lithosphere includes geological processes, such as the formation of rocks, plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, soil, glaciers, and erosion. Sub-Branches of Physical Geography Since the Earth and its systems are so complex, there are many sub-branches and even sub-sub-branches of physical geography as a research area, depending on how granularly the categories are divided. They also have overlap between them or with other disciplines, such as geology. Geographical researchers will never be at a loss of something to study, as they often need to understand multiple areas to inform their own targeted research. Westend61/Getty Images Geomorphology: the study of Earths landforms and its surfaces processes—and how these processes change and have changed Earths surface—such as erosion, landslides, volcanic activity, earthquakes, and floods piola666/Getty Images Hydrology: the study of the water cycle, including water distribution across the planet in lakes, rivers, aquifers, and groundwater; water quality; drought effects; and the probability of flooding in a region. Potamology is the study of rivers. Jan Tove Johansson/Getty Images   Glaciology: the study of glaciers and ice sheets, including their formation, cycles, and effect on Earths climate   Alan Copson/Getty Images Biogeography: the study of the distribution of life forms across the planet, relating to their environments; this field of study is related to ecology, but it also looks into the past distribution of life forms as well, as found in the fossil record. NASA/Getty Images Meteorology: the study of Earths weather, such as fronts, precipitation, wind, storms, and the like, as well as forecasting short-term weather based on available data Westend61/Getty Images Climatology: the study of Earths atmosphere and climate, how it has changed over time, and how humans have affected it Steve Debenport/Getty Images Pedology: the study of soil, including types, formation, and regional distribution over Earth InterNetwork Media/Getty Images Paleogeography: the study of historical geographies, such as the location of the continents over time, through looking at geological evidence, such as the fossil record valentinrussanov/Getty Images Coastal geography: the study of the coasts, specifically concerning what happens where land and water meet CorbisVCG/Getty Images Oceanography: the study of the worlds oceans and seas, including aspects such as floor depths, tides, coral reefs, underwater eruptions, and currents. Exploration and mapping is a part of oceanography, as is research into the effects of water pollution. The Tundra Mammoth lived during the Pleistocene epoch and into the early Holocene, and as such coexisted with humans. MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images   Quaternary science: the study of the previous 2.6 million years on Earth, such as the most recent ice age and Holocene period, including what it can tell us about the change in Earths environment and climate aaaaimages/Getty Images Landscape ecology: the study of how ecosystems interact with and affect each other in an area, especially looking at the effects of the uneven distribution of landforms and species in these ecosystems (spatial heterogeneity) stock_colors/Getty Images Geomatics: the field that gathers and analyzes geographic data, including the gravitational force of Earth, the motion of the poles and Earths crust, and ocean tides (geodesy). In geomatics, researchers use the Geographic Information System (GIS), which is a computerized system for working with map-based data. yacobchuk/Getty Images Environmental geography: the study of the interactions between people and their environment and the resulting effects, both on the environment and on the people; this field bridges physical geography and human geography. DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images   Astronomical geography or astronography: the study of how the sun and moon affect the Earth as well as our planets relationship to other celestial bodies Why Physical Geography Is Important Knowing about the physical geography of Earth is important for every serious student studying the planet because the natural processes of Earth affect the distribution of resources (from carbon dioxide in the air to freshwater on the surface to minerals deep underground) and the conditions of the human settlement. Anyone studying processes involving Earth and its processes is working within the confines of its physical geography. These natural processes have resulted in a plethora of varied effects on human populations throughout the millennia.

Best Place To Live Free Essays

Where is the best place to grow up and why? We can easily become biased and unwaveringly think the U. S. , but what do we really know about different countries and their cultures, or how they affect us developmentally? There are many factors to take into consideration such as life expectancy, standard of living, and education. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Place To Live or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why Sweden is ranked number one on the Children’s Index ranking, making the country the best place to grow up! Children in Sweden are among the few in the world who are safe from abuse as they are well protected by the law from slapping, smacking, pinching, hair-pulling, whipping, or any form of abuse. It is considered a criminal offense to beat a child. By comparison, in the United States alone, by the time a child is 2 years old, nine in ten parents have engaged in some sort of abuse and more than half of parents have slapped or spanked their children and one-third of parents have pushed, grabbed or shoved their children (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). These forms of abuse have a great impact on children as abused children show a high incidence of personal and social problems, low performance levels in school and low self-esteem. Typically, abused children are less attached to their parents, less intimate with friends, tend to withdraw and have the tendencies to become more aggressive and angry (Moylan et al. , 2010). Later on, they are at a greater risk for delinquency, risky sexual behavior and substance abuse (Sousa et al. , 2011). Swedish law ensures that children are protected and their rights are defended. These laws help to minimize and decrease the number of abused children, protecting them not only physically, but mentally and developmentally. Sweden uses some of its tax money to make sure children are looked after properly. As with most families, both parents work and children are in day care. In Sweden, day care is free and each set of parents receive 480 days of paid parental leave per child to stay home with their children until the age of 8! This offers a two- fold advantage for both parents and children. Studies have reported several positive aspects of day care. Some studies show that children in day care are more social, tend to share their toys, display self-confidence and are more outgoing. Results also conclude that children in day care score higher in cognitive skills than those who are at home.(Belsky et al. ,2007). There are some limitations within these case studies but the fact remains that many families need to place their children in day care which can be very costly. Providing paid parental leave also gives parents the opportunity to stay home with their children to continue the emotional bond while establishing secure attachment. Most parental leave is taken by mothers, but fathers are spending an increasing amount of time at home with their children. The more sensitive the father is to the child, the stronger the attachment. (Lucassen et al. , 2011). From preschool onwards, children are encouraged to think independently and the Swedish tradition of preschool emphasizes the importance of play in a child’s development and learning. At preschool the emphasis is on play. In many countries, including the US and the UK, there is a drive towards setting goals and assessing the progress of preschoolers but the Swedish system focuses more on basic values such as playing together and consideration for others. Play helps children develop motor skills and coordination. It also contributes to social development as children learn to share, take turns, and begin to engage in creative play. Piaget identified different kinds of play, characterized by cognitive complexity to include functional play, symbolic play, constructive play, and formal games (Rathus, 162). The preschool in Sweden not only holds to play in education but also to fantasy and creativity. The quality of pretend play is connected with preschoolers’ academic performance later on, and their social skills (Russ, 2006 Stagnitti st al. , 2000). Exercise is vital to a child’s development and reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Physically active children have a better self- esteem and coping mechanisms yet most children in the U. S. are not physically fit. Keeping fit and enjoying the great outdoors are very much part of Swedish culture and schools shut for a week’s â€Å"sports vacation† in February each year, when many families head north to ski as children play outside at every opportunity, even in the depths of winter. Children being protect, enjoying good health, free education, and an active social life contribute to Sweden finishing first in The Children’s’ Well- Being Index and convince me that Sweden is the best place to grow up. How to cite Best Place To Live, Papers

Ernest Hemingway The Lost Generation Essay Example For Students

Ernest Hemingway The Lost Generation Essay Ernest Hemingway The Lost GenerationErnest Hemingway is a renowned American author of the Twentiethcentury who centers his novels around personal experiences andaffections. He is one of the authors named The Lost Generation.He could not cope with post-war America, and therefore heintroduced a new type of character in writing called the codehero. Hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroeswho struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and thesurrounding environment. Traits of a typical Hemingway Code Heroare a love of good times, stimulating surroundings, and strictmoral rules, including honesty. The Code Hero always exhibitssome form of a physical wound that serves as his tragic flaw andthe weakness of his character. In Ernest Hemingways The Sun AlsoRises Jake Barnes is the character who maintains the typical CodeHero qualities; while Robert Cohn provides the antithesis of aCode Hero. Jake Barnes, the narrator and main character of The Sun AlsoRises, is left impotent by an ambiguous accident during World WarI. Jakes wound is the first of many code hero traits that hefeatures. This physical wound, however, transcends into anemotional one by preventing Jake from ever consummating his lovewith Lady Brett Ashley. Emotional suffering can take its toll onthe Code Hero as it did with Jake Barnes. Despite the deep lovebetween Jake and Lady Brett, Jake is forced to keep therelationship strictly platonic and stand watch as different menfloat in and out of Lady Ashleys life and bed. No one other thanJake and Brett themselves ever learn the complexity of theirrelationship because Jakes hopeless love for Brett and the agonyit entails are restricted to scenes known to themselves alone. Therefore, Jake suffers in silence because he has learned to trustand rely only upon himself, which is conducive to the HemingwayCode as well. Jake is an American who travels to Europe to satiate his appetitefor exotic landscapes and to escape his pain. Jake tries to livehis life to the fullest with drinking, partying, and sporting withfriends. With these pastimes, Jake hopes to hide from his faultand get on with the life he has been made to suffer. Watching andparticipating in sports help accentuate the Code Herosmasculinity and provide the sense of pride Jake has lost. Thisgain of pride is essential in the Hemingway Code. Jake attendsfishing trips with friends, he visits Pamplona, Spain to witnessthe running of the bulls, and he acts as a mediator betweenarguing friends. These characteristics reveal his strongcharacter built of courage and grace. Jake, as with any Code Hero,is a man of action who spends more time achieving goals thantalking about them. Jakes friend, Robert Cohn violates everything a Hemingway CodeHero represents.He is rich, gifted, and skillful and is readyto discuss his emotions in detail. Robert refuses to admit defeatwhen Brett rejects him repeatedly. Unlike Jake, when Cohn is hurt,he insists on complaining to everyone instead of suffering insilence. Cohn does nothing to assert his masculinity, either. Heallows people, especially women to ridicule him and knock down hisself esteem. Cohn obviously can not stand up for himself and doesnot take action when he should. Consequently, Robert has no selfcontrol. When a matador sleeps with Brett, whom Cohn is in lovewith, he takes out his jealousy by beating him repeatedly. Although a man of action, Jake, the quintessential Hemingway Hero,knows when to control himself, Robert Cohn does not. .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 , .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .postImageUrl , .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 , .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:hover , .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:visited , .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:active { border:0!important; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:active , .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765 .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43fe2045707698e65f95acccabd81765:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DRUG ABUSE in the United States of America, we, th EssayOn the whole, Jake Barnes strictly adheres to the qualities of thetypical Hemingway Code Hero. He relies solely on himself, utilizeshis assets, enjoys bullfights and other honorable activities. Heis an individual of action and speaks not of what he believes;rather he just does what he believes to be right subtlety withoutany fanfare. Jake has lived with disappointment and frustrationall his life, yet he overcomes it and uses the lesson to hisadvantage. On the other hand, Robert Cohn, who has had the easylife is the perpetual loser. He allows people to walk all overhim and continually feels sorry for himself. Robert Co hn is thefalse knight, who, in theory should be the victorious protagonistbut will always turn out to be a shallow person who lives on thefringes of life. In the end, the person who does not possess theCode Hero qualities can never discover himself, and thereforenever truly be happy.